Research On Islamic Banking In Uae Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3594 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? With the start of century new development in the economic front happened and the most important was Islamic bank. Financial institution around the world saw new things emerging from Islamic bank such as Islamic socioeconomic, benefits and believes to stop interest rates and unethical activities of financial institution. Islamic bank provide new methods and new form of investment for development of economy. Islamic bank has given world and financial institution new air to breath. Islamic banking has made some important political, social, and economical changes around the world. Islamic banking Islamic bank has develop new definition for itself and it is define as a financial entity which can maximize the wealth of its share holders with benefits for the society based on Islamic principle or Islamic Shariah. (Islamic banking, 2010) Islamic banking is the banking system in which banking is done according to Islamic laws and to guide economic in Islamic terms. It is important to note that Islam prohibit and stops the use of usury and interest (riba) in any kind. Islamic banking also prohibits and stops involvement of banks in business related to gambling, pornography, alcohol and pork etc. Islamic banking has developed in late 20th century and it has created and catered the needs of Islamic consumer around the world according to developed technology of 20th century. (Islamic banking, 2010) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research On Islamic Banking In Uae Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Principles of Islamic Banking There are main pillars in Islamic financial systems which are important for Islamic banking workability. Principle of Islamic banking includes laws and rules and they are called Shariah which governs many parts of society such as culture, economy and society as a whole. (Islamic banking, 2010) Shariah started from the rules of Quran and its practices which then explain by Sunnah and by Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). Further explanation of the Shariah is done by Islamic jurisprudent, and this interpretation is important for correct Islamic banking. (Islamic banking, 2010) There are different principles of Islamic banking which I will cover and explain. Interest: Interest is considers bad thing in Islam because it is beyond the pale in increase of capital/money in many forms loans or deposits. More importantly we can say any increase in varies banking such as fix banking, to increase the profit is considered to be prohibited because it generates unhealthy profits. Int erest (riba) is prohibited in Islamic banking but also charging is also prohibited in Islam because it creates debate on equality and rights (Warde, 2000). Islam is a peaceful religion and it encourage earning of profits but it discourage the interest in Islamic banking. Social system must have balance and lender and borrower should share the profit or lose and Islamic banking provides such socially acceptable phenomena. Risk partaking: Risk partaking is not allowed in Islamic banking because supplier becomes unjustified-ably the benefited rather than the creditor. Islamic bank provide financial capital and its profit and loses must be shared to decrease risk partaking in general practice of financial activities. Capital: Capital is also known as potential money and it makes actual capital join with other resources to make productive activity. Islamic banking recognize the value of money and but it prefers capital not the potential capital. Speculative behaviour: Speculativ e behaviour is considered bad in Islamic banking because it involves extreme level of uncertainty and risk for capital investment and utilization (Islamic banking, 2010). Example includes gambling and anything related to gambling. Purity of contracts: Islam is the religion which inhabits purity in it and it implement this purity in contracts because contracts should disclose all the necessary information to be known. Purity of contracts reduce asymmetric and hazard risk (Islamic banking, 2010). Shariah activities: Islam involves only things which are based upon shariah and doesnt violate sharish in any form. Example of approved shariah activities includes any investment in dealing with gambling, pork and pornography is illegal (Islamic banking, 2010). Banking Risk and Islamic banking Understanding the banking risk is very important Islamic banking because in determines a competitive and volatile market environment for complex banking business process. A bank should be aware of risk when it is operating or taking any process into consideration. Below are the risk and factors an Islamic bank should consider in general banking environment. Figure 1: Banking risk exposures Financial risks Operations risks Business risks Event risks Balance sheet structure Internal fraud Macro policy Political Income statement structure and profitability External fraud Financial infrastructure Contagion Capital adequacy Employment practices and workplace safety Legal infrastructure Banking crisis Credit Clients, products, and business services Legal liability Other exogenous Liquidity Damage to physical assets Regulatory Market Business disruption and system failures (technology risk) Reputation and fiduciary Interest rate Execution, delivery, and process management Country risk Currency Source: Archer Karim, (2007). In Islamic Finance: The Regulatory Challenge (p. 14). Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. Finance product and instruments in Islamic Bank There are many type of financial instrument the Islamic banks use and these are sometimes simple and sometimes complicated due to various banking aspect. Debt instruments: Debt instruments include Murabaha (Murabaha is determination of resale price based upon cost and profit markup), Salam (Salam define the deferred delivery of goods and it is opposite of Murabaha), Istisna ( Istisna is financial lending for long term), and Qard al-Hasan ( Qard al-Hasan is interest free loan). (Iran International, 2006) Quasi-debt instruments: Quasi-debt instruments have Ijara which means leasing contract by group leases assets for specific rent and terms. The bank has to bear all the risk associated with ownership and assets can be negotiated based on market price and sale of Ijara contract. (Iran International, 2006) Profit loss sharing instruments: Profit and loss sharing instrument has Musharaka which is an entity under which bank and client jointly take a financial project. Ownership can be decided based on involvement of finance in the project. Profit and loss sharing is also agreed between two groups and there should be no violation of contract or misconduct in any terms. (Iran International, 2006) Islamic Bonds: Islamic bond include Sukuk which is basically a financial certificate and it is Islamic equivalent of bond. There are some types of financial certificate which are not allowed in Islamic finance such as fix income and interest baring bonds. (Islamic banking, 2010) Safe keeping: Safe keeping includes Wadiah in which bank is considered as trustee of fund. A person has account in the bank, bank assurance the amount of the account. (Islamic banking, 2010) Agency: Agency is defined as waqalah which undertakes persons all transactions on his behalf. (Islamic banking, 2010) Current practices in Islamic Banking Islamic banking are collective at the point of interest free banking and they have equal and distributed basic agreed principles to work on. Islamic bank can be different according to individuality and country laws, aims and objectives, experience and circumstances and interaction based upon free from interest rates. In the coming paragraph I will describe the common features implemented by Islamic banks around the world. (Gafoor, 1995) Deposit accounts Islamic banks have different kind of account which includes investment, current, and savings account. Current accounts A current account equal to conventional bank account and in it deposit is assurance. Savings accounts Saving account operate differently in Islamic banks. In few banks depositor is allowed to use money but they have to obtain assurance of getting full money to the bank. Banks allow several methods to attract customers but no profit is promised. In other few saving accounts an account is treated as investment account and has various strings attach to it. (Gafoor, 1995) Investment account Investment account are accounts in which amount is deposit for unlimited time upon the request of the investor share is done in profit between bank and investor. In investment account the capital is not assured. Modes of financing There are different modes of finance which are implemented by Islamic bank and called trade, lending and investment finance. Investment financing There are three main category of investment financing. They are: Musharaka: Musharaka in which bank joins another group to setup another joint venture, both groups participate in project in varying form. The profit and loss is determined before the start of the project. (Gafoor, 1995) The concept of musharaka is similar to join venture concept and venture is independent entity from which bank withdraw step by step. Mudarabha: Mudarabha is a form in which a Islamic bank provides finance and the person provides the expertise and management. (Gafoor, 1995) Profit and lose in this is also define before the start of project. But the important thing is that loses are usually taken by bank. Estimated rate of return: under this type of investment bank determine the estimate price of returns for specific project undertaken by bank. If the project is finished and profit is more than estimated amount then the profit goes to the client, and if the loses is in the profit then the bank will accept lower rate. Trade financing There are five main category of investment financing. They are: Mark-up: Mark-up is the type of trade financing in which banks buy items from client and client agrees to pay to the bank on agreed profit. Leasing: Leasing is type of trade financing in which bank buy item for client and client has to payback the amount in specific allowed time. Hire-purchase: Hire-purchase is the purchase in which the bank buys an item for client and hires him for agreed rent or cost for specific time until client becomes the owner. Sell and buy back: Sell and buy back is in which client sells property to the bank and buy back from the bank at a agreed price. Letters of credit: Letters of credit is where bank assurance for importing items for a client. Lending There are two main category of investment financing. They are: Service charge loans: service charge loan is the service charge where bank lends money without interest and bank covers expense by service charge. No-cost loans: No-cost loans are for people like farmers with small land, producers with small production and they are very needy person or clients. Services Islamic banks also provide services which are also important such as money transfer, trade in different currencies, and bill assortment where banks own money and not involves in commission. (Gafoor, 1995) Islamic Banking in UAE Islamic bank started in UAE according the law of 1985 number 6 of article 1, 2, 3, and these laws governs Islamic bank and financial institute in UAE. (Centralbank, 1985) These articles are made so they are compatible with UAE and Shariah laws. To work in UAE in Islamic banking it has to conduct its activities according to principle of Islamic Shariah. Islamic banks in UAE have the right to conduct commercial, investment and other financial related activities openly and clearly. Islamic banks also have the right to do lending and other financial operation and they can also move their assets and benefit from these assets according to its shariah law (Centralbank, 1985). UAE has number of Islamic banks and the number is increasing each year and so the development of the UAE. (Tahir, 2006)Dubai Islamic bank is the first bank which is free from interest and it also practice Islamic banking according to shariah and this bank is based on the idea of Muslim endorsement by OIC (Organ ization of the Islamic Conference). Strategies of Islamic banks in UAE In the UAE the strategic management considered that it is group of decisions and activities in the present to ensure the performance of institutes in the future, these decisions included forming specific aims that should be achieved upon dissimilar periods of time begins with short period of time passing with middle period of time, finishing with the distant period of time, the strategic management consists of three stages: 1- The strategic environmental analytical stage: and it depends on studying of the two environments the interior and the exterior to the institute in order to identified the strategic management and use it in the next step the organization environment contains four main materials the chances given, the risks, in the exterior environment, and the weak and the strength points in the interior environment. The strategic planning strategy contains making four followed activities, and does them to achieve the institutes aims and its strategic plans and its differen t policies. (Pealow, 2000) 2- The execution stage: it contains put plans and policies which have been developed in the last stage in effective application, during to the application programmes and balance sheet and different other procedures. (Pealow, 2000) 3- The watching strategic stage: this stage contains evaluate the institute performance to ensure that the strategic aims applied according to the plans and the correcting procedures to correct mistakes and effective watching for the application. But the human resource strategic is decision making process relates to the human resource system that make the human resource system with the environmental conditions and to support the institutes strategic and achieve it strategic aims to face the exchange that face the institute according the environmental conditions. (Pealow, 2000) There is difference between work force planning and the human resource strategy but the human resource, so the work force planning strategy foc us on application employments in human resources management because it is a part from the institute strategy and work with it to achieve the strategic aims, the human strategic human resources materials identify through to: Studying the environmental materials that surrounded the institute from all its side and the human resource system. Putting on the human resources aims with supporting the general aims of the institute and working on doing them. Apply the human resource private strategy that supports its general strategy. Apply the work plans and policies and the private time programmes of human resource that support the strategy. Management of Islamic Bank in UAE Now the differentiate between the local and international business demands on the banking environment the great generated development from the quick technical development that dominate on the business with two its forms productive and serving, in all organizations, and the actual of competition that depending on the employ career and modern technology, in the work sector adding development and improvement in the productions and services in all kinds and forms, that achieves the organizations aim to destroy the competitions obstacles, and apply its planes, due to the progressing improvement in the field of development and progress of the organizations strategies. And to achieve all of these things, it is necessary and duty of the managements find strategic professional management for human resources and it should be the productive and creative basic of the organization with specialist rule can be deal with the environmental changes, and to integrate its strategy with the organiza tion strategy that it deals with to use the chances and face changes and the ability to self built, that helps to achieve strategic aims for managements and organizations. The process of educated and trained human resource the most important cases that the banks and institutes related to, so on the developing nations take great importance combined with great desire to develop and improve the work performance for the workers and identify their productivity, in this research we will study the strategic management for human resource as group of modern systems that completed to achieve human resource system that aims to support the organization strategies to face changes with environmental cases that achieve its development and progressing. Challenges facing Islamic banking Islamic banking faces many challenges around the world. There are many challenges related to conventional banking, globalization, competition, price and quality, economy, growth, capital and long term investment. The Islamic banking has many weaknesses and strengthens which make them workable in hostile environment. (Challenges facing Islamic, 2005) Islamic bank should develop global banking industry and open their self for financial balance and attracting large number of clients for greater ability to attract the capital and providing best possible service. (Tahir, 2006)Islamic bank should also provide better rule and standards, good station, good technical system, good financial technology and innovation. Islamic bank should also regulate itself according to international Islamic financial market. (Challenges facing Islamic, 2005) There are many challenges related to commercial aspects affecting Islamic banking and Islamic institution. Below diagram illustrate the differenc es which are faced by Islamic bank in no-commercial and commercial pressure. Figure 2 No commercial pressure on Islamic Financial Institution Investment Account Holder Mudarib Ijarah Investment account holder does not have any alternative investment opportunities RETURNS Commercial pressure on Islamic Financial Institution Ijarah Investment Account Holder Mudarib Mudarib must forfeit returns and smooth income to make ijarah commercially viable Potion of mudaribs income forfeited to investment account holder RETURNS Source: Archer Karim, (2007). In Islamic Finance: The Regulatory Challenge (p. 99). Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. The Islamic Bank in UAE and Market Discipline UAE as new creative and development country adapt all new changes that related to business so that it could continues and implement always the demands of world economy and created relations in a way for stronger marketing improvement. And since the banking investment it is one main way to achieve the successful in business environment, as a result the UAE government id support and help to have 8 Islamic banks that been entered to the market in all UAE with capital investment exceed trillions of dollars. So all these banks did already start their operations and did increase the preference in the huge economy of UAE. So, all banks in UAE do have plans to get more profits ASAP based on the visions and missions to become as one of the leading banks in the world (Archer Karim, 2007). Islamic banks in UAE considered as a multinational organizations network that spread all over the region. There are legends in innovation founded in UAE economy. They do provide products and a service i n different countries, recently employed thousands of people around the region, and sells and services real estate and other retails in many countries. Market discipline plays an important role in banking and if an Islamic bank has to develop; it has to follow the steps of information, ability, incentives and mechanism combining with market discipline which is shown diagram below. (Archer Karim, 2007) Figure 3: Developing market discipline in Islamic Banking Market participants must have the ability to process information correctly Market participants must have sufficient information to reach informed judgments Information Ability Incentive Mechanism Conditions for effective market disciple Market participants must have the right mechanism to exercise discipline Market participants must have the right incentive to act upon information Source: Crockett, former BIS General Islamic Banks Nature of innovation Nature of economy is changing developed world, more and more innovation is needed for continuous growth. (Tahir, 2006)The challenge face by today world is crisis which is faced by different organization and institutions. This crisis makes difficulty in lending, decline in non-financial organization cooperation for growth so we need innovative concept and technique which are in early Islamic banking such as Mufawada, and Mudarabah. (Iqbal, 2001) Below are the growth factors in variable terms and it effect on Islamic banking, these analysis give us the perspective where the Islamic bank are standing and where they should go in coming decade. IBs stands for Islamic Banks CG stands for control group which consist of conventional banks. Figure 4: Investment Investments Growth IBs Investments Growth CG 1990-94 11.3 % -0.8 % 1994-97 7.3 % 9.1 % 1990-97 9.6 % 3.3 % Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Deve lopments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank investment growth was 11.3% while control group has negative growth. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had a decrease growth 7.3 % while control group had increase growth of 9.1%. Figure 5: Assets Assets Growth IBs Assets Growth CG 1990-94 9.3 % 4.8 % 1994-97 6.8 % 6.6 % 1990-97 8.2 % 5.6 % Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank assets growth were 9.3% while control group has asset growth of 4.8%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had a decrease growth 6.8 % while control group had increase growth of 6.6%. Figure 6: Equity Equity Growth IBs Equity Growth CG 1990-94 7.9 % 6.4 % 1994-97 10.5 % 4.7 % 1990-97 9 % 5.6 % Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Fi nance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank equity growth were 7.9% while control group has asset growth of 6.4%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had increase growth 10.5 % while control group had decrease growth of 4.7%. Figure 6: Deposit Equity Growth IBs Equity Growth CG 1990-94 9.3 % 3.1 % 1994-97 6.1 % 7.2 % 1990-97 7.9 % 4.8 % Source: Dr. Munawar Iqbal (2001). In Islamic Banking and Finance: Current Developments in Theory and Practice (p. 382). United Kingdom: The Islamic Foundation. In 1990-94 Islamic bank deposits growth were 9.3% while control group has deposit growth of 3.1%. In 1994-97 Islamic bank had decrease growth 6.1 % while control group had increase growth of 7.2%. Conclusion Islamic banking is a very young concept compare to traditional banking, still it is implemented in Islamic countries but Islamic countries there is also traditional banking which is the threat to Islamic banking. Despite the success of Islamic banking there are few problems in Islamic banking which are related to area of finance. (Gafoor, 1995) To get rid of problems Islamic banking, Islamic bank should get rid of unwieldy, troublesome and uncertain financing activities, and have efficient and effective interest free banking. In Islamic banking it has all needed and basic required element for successful banking but they need little modification, such modified example is mudaraba financial service. Islamic bank also should operate in non-Muslim countries and they should give positive alternative to conventional banking for non Muslim people. (Gafoor, 1995) Finance is unique feature of Islamic banking and it should be relevant to shariah and Islamic principle, but it must not f orget to have a country which can develop itself on Islamic banking.

Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Reasoning - 1597 Words

In today’s fast paced technologically savvy society, everyone wants the most advanced technology, this thirst for the next big thing is what makes technology fields the fastest changing and growing sectors. In countless movies, television shows, and novels, there is a representation of a humanoid character that is in fact a machine functioning and learning new skills with artificial intelligence. The problem with these shows is that the representation of modern day artificial intelligence is largely skewed, these machines have personalities and emotions making them relatable to humans when they are still just a very elaborate computer program. Artificial intelligence is the cognitive ability to solve problems, recognize patterns, and have†¦show more content†¦The concept of artificial intelligence was first labeled by a man named Alan Turing in 1950, he believed that the future would hold the possibility for man to communicate with computers and sustain a conversation (Atkinson, Solar 1). Although, we have reached the point where it is possible to hold a simple preprogrammed conversation with a computer and give them the ability to learn, there is still a long way to go in making computers fully artificially intelligent. Atkinson and Solar continue to describe some real world applications of artificial intelligence such as, â€Å"Data mining technologies, fraud detection, and industrial-strength optimization† (8). In these examples, forms of artificial intelligence like cognitive reasoning abilities are already being used making the demand for them higher. Artificial intelligence is â€Å"the capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and manipulating factual and heuristic knowledge, including the ability to make decisions, understand language, and respond to outside stimuli.† (Hosea, Harikrishnan, Rajkumar 124). Today’s artificial intelligence is in its early stages, there are only a few systems that are able to reach the requirements to categorize these systems as intelligent. Thoughts and emotions are the two things that haveShow MoreRelatedAdvanced Level Of Technology And The Human Brain999 Words   |  4 Pagesentertain the thought of computers actually becoming intelligent through artificial intelligence and eventually out perform the human brain. 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The First Ever Mechanical Module Of Television - 1513 Words

Today the television is at the heart of many homes. The official TV licensing website state that approximately 96% of homes have a television set. (Official TV Licensing website, 2015). In the late 1800s, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow invented the first ever mechanical module of television. During 1907, A.A. Campbell-Swinton and Boris Rosing, created a new television system. They done this by using a cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system. After much experimenting they both came up with two television systems, the mechanical television and electronic television. Around 1923, Charles Jenkins used Nipkow’s disk idea and introduced the first ever empirical mechanical television system. In 1926, a short time after Jenkins,†¦show more content†¦People have access to way more than the original four channels and on sky alone there is approximately 694 channels available. Cable TV is rarely seen now and the majority of homes have access to a digital TV. Television can have a massive impact on the lives of children. â€Å"Today, children born into television families regard TV as a permanent fixture in their lives. The TV set is as familiar as the faces of family members-sometimes even more. Unlike human beings, the TV set is always there to entertain and keep children company.† (Unnikrishnan and Bajpai, 1996, p.35). It is said that children begin viewing TV as early as two years of age. (Coms tock et al, 1978). Television is contributing to the current epidemic of obesity worldwide and large amounts of children are becoming obese and tend to face problems caused by obesity, leading to a global health burden. (WHO, 2010). Children’s eyes are open to 4400-7600 ads per year for junk food and fast food on television. Seven in ten parents with children aged four to 16 have been pestered by their children for junk food after it had been advertised on TV. (British Heart Foundation, 2015). The 9pm watershed is not having an affect today because children are staying up far later and being exposed to unhealthy food choices. Children are more likely to consume unhealthy foods such as more snacks and soft drinks and less fruit and vegetables. Studies have shown that television viewing can distract children’s awareness of

Flannery OConner and the use of grotesque character in...

The representation of the grotesque is a characteristic of much 20th century writing (Holman 61). Almost all of O Connor s short stories usually end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. People have categorized O Connor s work as Southern Gothic (Walters 30). In Many of her short stories, A Good Man Is Hard To Find for example, Flannery O Connor creates grotesque characters to illustrate the evil in people. Written in 1953, A Good Man Is Hard To Find is one of O Connor s most known pieces of work and has received many awards. Throughout the story, you come across many twists and turns when you least expect it. A Good Man Is Hard To Find is a story which includes religion,†¦show more content†¦O Connor writes in ways that let us know the characters thoughts without really coming out and telling us. O Connor often changes the mood of the story very quickly from amusement to horror and vice - versa. In her stories, grotesque is often used to tie together the seriousness and the comedic situations. Flannery O Connor said of her work, the look of the fiction is going to be wild... it is almost of necessity going to be violent and comic; because of the discrepancies it seeks to combine. (Walters 7). Many had their own opinions of O Connor s work. The literary works of Flannery O Connor often contend that religious belief can only be consummated by direct confrontation with evil and for those uncommitted and unprepared, tragedy seems inevitable. (Cook Online). Many of the early critics never realized that O Connor s worked with revelation, which at the time, others did not (Reagan Online). As Frederick Asals once said, Conflict, often violent conflict, is the very center of Flannery O Connor s fiction(93). Although O Connor s work was awarded greatly, it was also often dismissed because of its Gothic Violence (Reagan Online). 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Whether illustrating a stormy backdrop as a metaphor for turmoil or three bullet shots as a final offering of atonementRead MoreEssay about flannery oconner: queen of irony1743 Words   |  7 Pages Flannery O’Connor: Queen of Irony The literary rebellion, known as realism, established itself in American writing as a direct response to the age of American romanticism’s sentimental and sensationalist prose. As the dominance of New England’s literary culture waned â€Å"a host of new writers appeared, among them Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, and Mark Twain, whose background and training, unlike those of the older generation they displaced, were middle-class and journalistic rather than genteelRead MoreSouthern Gothic Writing Style1488 Words   |  6 PagesGothic literature is a writing style that emphasizes the use of macabre and irony to expose social problems in the south. The Southern Gothic writing style aims to expose the ignorance and moral blindness of the American South (Bjerre). Southern Gothic literature uses the writing style to enhance the message of the author. In other words, the author uses Southern Gothic elements to place emphasis on their critical views of the south. The autho rs use macabre and irony to emotionally influence the readerRead MoreAnalysis of Southern Gothic Literature Essay examples2890 Words   |  12 Pagesbizarre, violent, and grotesque aspects. These tools are used to explore social issues and reveal the cultural character of the American South (Wikipedia). The authors of Southern Gothic writing use damaged characters to enhance their stories, and to show deeper highlights of unpleasant southern characteristics. These characters are usually set apart from their societies due to their mental, physical, and or social disabilities. However not all the aspects of the characters are bad it is moreRead MoreEssay about O’Connor’s Works: An In-Depth Analysis2157 Words   |  9 Pages Generally when a person writes a story, they use past experiences and adventures in their life to help create a plot for their stories. Usually these events create a base for which the author writes upon thus contributing to the author’s exceptional way of thinking. For example, author Terry Teachout says that â€Å"OConnors religious beliefs were central to her art† (Teachout 56). O’Connor’s religion played a crucial role in her writings. Flannery OConnor is regarded one of the major brief tale

Anthropology Essays †The Origin of Medicine Free Essays

string(72) " of narcotics or other depressants until the Roman period \( 30 BC \) \." The Origin of Medicine Ancient Egyptian Medicine CAIRO, APRIL 2008: Ancient Egyptian civilisation has contributed important developments to all sorts of human cognition, and medical specialty is non an exclusion. Ancient Egyptians used to name a physician a â€Å"physician† mentioning to an active, a professional and a wise individual. A doctor was able to cover with what might go on during day-to-day pattern every bit aptly as a countryside general practician would make today. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology Essays – The Origin of Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physician’s occupation was non merely to go to ill people and to urge a intervention but besides a doctor would fix and distribute medicine. The doctor was normally a priest and possibly with good cognition of other humanistic disciplines. Ancient Egyptians were the first known people to hold had a elaborate survey of medical specialty and to go forth written records to depict the healing patterns. The oldest Egyptian medical texts day of the month back about to 2000 B.C. These texts were moderately free of the magician attack to handle unwellness. The earliest known doctor in history was Hesyre, who was the â€Å"Chief tooth doctor and Physician† of King Djoser in the twenty-seventh Century BC. The earliest known female doctor was besides an Egyptian. Peseshet practiced medical specialty during the period of the 4th dynasty ( 2600 B.C ) . Her rubric was â€Å"Lady Overseer of the Lady Physicians† . Equally good as practising medical specialty, Peseshet had a supervisory place and graduated many accoucheuses at the ancient medical school in Sais ( Sa el-Hagar today ) . Concept of the human organic structure: Ancient Egyptians tried to apologize and understand the physiology of the human organic structure. Given how of import River Nile was for life, Ancient Egyptians would say similitude to the flow of the mighty river and to how it irrigated the Fieldss. They assumed the human organic structure, by analogy, had channels that flowed with blood, breathed air and H2O. Peoples would fall ill if a obstruction to these channels happened. For illustration, they believed that bad nutrient would bring forth gases, which in bend would barricade these channels. They, hence, assumed that most of the diseases were because of improperly digested nutrient. Impressions of physiology and disease focused on the bosom as the centre of the homo. The bosom was one’s spouse ; it spoke to a individual in his or her purdah. It was at the same clip the engine of all the bodily work, non merely circulation. From the bosom, continued channels ( Metu ) linked all parts of the organic structure together. Metu did non mention merely to blood vass, but besides to the respiratory tubing, canals of assorted secretory organs, spermous canal, the musculuss, sinews and ligaments. The Goddess of medical specialty ( Sekhmet ) : Sekhmet was originally the warrior Goddess of Upper Egypt. Ancient Egyptians figured her as a lioness, the fiercest huntsman known to them. They believed that her pant created the waterless part beyond the Nile Bankss, and considered Sekhmet the defender of all Pharaohs. The name Sekhmet became synonymous to the Goddess of Medicine during the Middle Kingdom. Therefore, doctors, tooth doctors and veterinary practicians were the â€Å"Priests of Sekhmet† . The caput of lioness symbolized power and the supreme divinity of mending. The priests of Sekhmet were the specializers in medical specialty and surgery. Medical preparation: Students learned the medical profession at schools called the â€Å"Houses of Life† . The coachs had given them some applied experience, but chiefly the pupils had to larn from the written papyri full of cognition and experience. The medical texts were non merely a font of professional cognition but besides a precaution against possible failure. Classs of Ancient Egyptian Physicians: The societal category of Egyptian Physicians existed since the yearss of the Old Kingdom. Medical specialisation besides existed. Writing of travels to Egypt, Herodotus ( 484-425 BC ) noted, â€Å"The pattern of medical specialty based on a program of separation. Each specializer doctor treated a individual upset and non more. Therefore, Egypt was full of medical practicians, some project to bring around diseases of the oculus, others of the caput and others of the bowels. Specialist doctors did non needfully settle in the small towns and towns they practiced the art of healing† ( Herodotus: The Iranian Wars. P. 155 ) . Many doctors were priests and some were Scribes as shown in rubrics like â€Å"Chief doctor and Scribe of the word of God† . Physician ranks were an ordinary doctor ( like a general practician of today ) , a senior doctor, an inspector, an superintendent and a â€Å"Master† of medical specialty. The Chief Physicians of the South and North were like curates of wellness. Royal and castle doctors had particular ranks and rubrics. A practicing doctor had to larn the scientific discipline of drug readying and medicative workss. Ancient Egyptians held handling doctors in so much high esteem that they raised Imhotep ( the great doctor, 2700 BC ) after decease to a sacred position of the God of Medicine. Ancient Egyptian remedies: Because of old impressions of physiology and disease, laxatives had a important topographic point in Egyptian remedies. Ingredients included fresh algarroba bean, Castor oil and colocynth. Bulk laxatives of bran, figs and fresh fruits were besides in usage. Doctors used Ca carbonate and figs as alkalizers. They besides used soured milk and honey to assist digestion. They mixed aggressive cathartics with â€Å"anticholinergics† such as Hyoscyamus ( atropine ) or carminatives as Cuminum cyminum, Chinese parsley and batch. Carob ( pulverization tasted like cocoa made from cods of a certain tree ) and gypsum ( calcium sulphate pulverization ) were effectual antidiarrheal remedies. Egyptian doctors treated bosom conditions non as efficient, because the Egyptian doctors had trouble separating bosom and tummy symptoms. They recommended aloe, mustard, willow, Hyoscyamus and Punica granatum ( incorporating glycosides or utile vasodilatives ) . Diuretic drugs included Apium graveolens dulce, beer, algarroba bean and powdery day of the months. Analgesics were few and restricted to carminatives or spasmolytics. Ancient doctors used effectual febrifuges as salt, alum and willow. However, no grounds exists to the usage of narcotics or other depressants until the Roman period ( 30 BC ) . You read "Anthropology Essays – The Origin of Medicine" in category "Essay examples" Treatment of musculoskeletal upset was topical with warm patchs, cataplasms or rubefacients ( medical specialties to blush and warm the tegument, known today as counter- thorns ) like mustard, gum terpentine, retem and olibanum. The Egyptians used Apium graveolens dulce for painful articulations ( it is still in usage today as antirheumatic drug ) . They used Crocus sativus to handle backache. Doctors and accoucheuses used gynaecological medicines to excite labour, command construct or infection. They used common wormwood ( a bitter gustatory sensation works ) for catamenial upsets and diaphragms of crocodile droppings to function as preventive ( the sourness is spermicidal ) . They recommended interpolation of juniper oil to excite labour ( now known to increase uterine contraction and launch labour ) . Ancient Egyptians have known parasitic infestations ; nevertheless, they did non acknowledge that bilharzia ( Bilharzias ) caused the haematuria ( blood in piss ) they described. Antihelminthic dugs based on Punica granatum, common wormwood, thyme and Sb, followed by a cathartic, controlled unit of ammunition worms and cestodes infestations. Antiseptics and disinfectants were effectual. Egyptian doctors used phenols as thyme ( basil ) and bitumen ; intoxicants were beer and fermented grapes juice. They besides used minerals as Zn, Sb and Cu as styptics assorted in a medium for even distribution. For cough, they recommended mixtures of honey, acacia and Sb with aromatic inspiration. Egyptian doctors used ammi visnaga ( incorporating a bronchodilator khellin ) to handle asthma. Egyptian doctors treated oculus infections with antiseptic of Cu and honey, placed on the palpebras or in the oculus. They used acacia, algarroba bean and milk as demulcents for ophthalmic remedies. Skin demulcents as acacia gum and works mucilage were popular. Doctors used Balanites oil, Castor oil and goose fat to command skin infections. They mixed these ingredients with salt, malachite or ochre and used the mixture for patchs. Ladanum treated dandruff. For phalacrosis, they used fats, oils and, symbolically, porcupine quills. For Burnss, they applied an antibacterial mixture of gum terpentine, Cu, oils and honey. To advance healing, they used Aloe vera. Pharmacy in Ancient Egypt: Pharmacy did non be as an independent profession in Ancient Egypt, but a compelling grounds exists of the Egyptians had professional protocols and criterions. The based the interventions conceptually, restricted by limited cognition of physiology. The footing of most medical specialties was herbs and veggies. Doctors used drugs in the signifier of pills, unctions and beads. They besides used dressings and deodorant readyings. Ancient Egyptian doctors did non hold a formulary ( book of standard drugs ) . Alternatively, the medical papyri fulfilled the undertaking of a formulary. Medicines were proper and effectual that BPC ( British Pharmacopeia ) 1911 included 25 per centum of the available drug substances stemmed from Ancient Egyptian medicines. Recommendation of a remedy, readying and dose pointed to awareness of possible benefits and dangers, without grounds of available formal respect to toxicity or contraindication to the medicines used. An Egyptian doctor could merely divert from a given intervention after four yearss, proposing singular protocol criterions. The statement that placebo of Ancient Egyptian medicine was greater than the curative value appears untrue. What we grasp from Ancient Egyptian history marks a society aware of the demand for health care and intervention. Doctors used a diverse scope of works, animate being and mineral ingredients to this terminal. It is true that faith influenced Ancient Egyptians day-to-day life and so had to be intrinsic to medical pattern, yet as written in the medical papyri, documented rational intervention predominated that supported by supplications. Some remedies from celebrated veggies and herbs: Garlic: Believed to give verve, sooth flatulency and aid digestion. Egyptian doctors used garlic as a mild laxative and shrivel haemorrhoids ( hemorrhoids ) . During constructing the pyramids, supervisors delivered garlic daily to workers to give them verve and strength needed to transport on and execute good. Onion: Doctors used onions to forestall colds, conveying about sweat, sooth sciatica and as a diuretic. Priests did non hold onions as neither nutrient nor medical specialty. Cumin: It is widely available in Egypt ; doctors used it to increase the enteric gesture and to handle flatulency. Doctors who were handling joint achings assorted Cuminum cyminum with wheat flour, Chinese parsley and H2O to use as a cataplasm on the hurting articulation. Parsley and benne: Doctors used any as a good water pill. Mustard: The utilizations of mustard were to arouse purging and to alleviate thorax achings. Coriander: The utilizations of Chinese parsley were many. It helped with loss of appetency, absent menses ( non because of gestation ) , a laxative and aphrodisiac. Ancient Egyptians believed that Chinese parsley has antifungal belongingss and deters insects. This is the cause of happening in Tutankhamen’s Tomb. The oldest medical text editions: The Ancient Egyptians recorded the medical information we are cognizant of in 12 papyri written in priestly book. They show the comparative edification of medical specialty in Ancient Egypt, consistence of pattern and length of service of remedies. The most of import papyri from the point of view of the elaborate description of unwellnesss and intervention are: The Ebers Medical Papyrus: This papyrus is 23 pages long and is largely an internal medical specialty mention. It includes anatomical and physiological mentions every bit good. It describes 876 formulas and 400 different drugs. The Ebers Papyrus consists of a list of recommendations for nutriments such as lesions, tummy ailments, gynaecological jobs and skin annoyances. The Scribe calculated the sums of ingredients for a medical specialty harmonizing to fractions based on parts of Horus oculus. Until today, the RX symbol on each prescription refers to the Eye of Horus. For some unknown ground the Scribe who wrote it did non complete the papyrus, and ended in midsentence. The Edwin Smith Medical Papyrus: This papyrus is, possibly, the work of a physician associated with a pyramid-building work force. This five metres papyrus trades chiefly with jobs such as broken castanetss, disruptions and oppressing. The doctor divided the 48 instances documented into classs: â€Å" An complaint which I will handle † , â€Å" An complaint with which I will postulate † and â€Å" An complaint non to handle † . It described symptoms of each of the documented instances, urging possible remedies. The Physician who wrote the papyrus was cognizant of blood circulation throughout the organic structure. The Scribe clearly recognized that patient’s pulsation reflects the status of the bosom. This papyrus includes a huge experience in bone hurts that can happen merely during edifice of the pyramids. Similar to Edwin Smith papyrus, few paragraphs had rubrics. However, all paragraphs included the phrase: â€Å" If you examine a patient with a†¦ , † a feature, which marks how close it is to the Edwin Smith Papyrus. This suggests that antediluvian Egyptian doctors recognized that scrutiny is indispensable to place the unwellness. Yet, the Scribe in both papyri did non advert the chances of the diseases. The Kahun medical papyrus1900 BC The oldest yet discovered, dating from the epoch of Amenemhat II. The Kahun Medical Papyrus describes methods of naming gestation and the sex of the unborn. It besides describes odontalgia during gestation, diseases and assorted complaints of females, and concerned with the uterus and finding of birthrate. The gynaecological text lies in 34 paragraphs, of which the first 17 have a common format. They start with a rubric followed by a brief description of the symptoms, normally, of a job of the generative variety meats. The 2nd subdivision begins on the 3rd page, and includes eight paragraphs, which, because of both the province of the bing transcript and the linguistic communication, are about unintelligible. The 3rd subdivision ( paragraphs 26-32 ) dealt with the proving for gestation. The 4th and concluding subdivision contains two paragraphs, which do non fall into any of the old classs. The first describes intervention for odontalgias during gestation. The 2nd describes what soun ds like a fistulous withers of the vesica to the vagina with incontinency of urine † . It besides described methods of contraceptive method. It described prescriptions for urinary, venters and kidney jobs, hurting limbs and achings in the sockets of the eyes. Did Ancient Egyptians recognize forensic medical specialty? Ancient Egyptians used to analyze organic structures of the dead to understand the cause of decease. This should non look unusual for such people traditionally familiar, as they were, to careful chase of cognition. Harmonizing to the American historiographer James H. Breasted ( an authorization on ancient Egyptian history-University of Chicago, 1930 ) , portion of the accomplishment of the ancient Egyptian sawboness was because of what they learned from analyzing the dead organic structures. Surgeons treated clean lesions were by sewing and adhesive patchs. They treated other lesions by acquiring the borders near on the first twenty-four hours, and afterwards handling them with honey and acerb herbs. Egyptian sawbones performed amputations and even more made prosthetic device. The influence of Ancient Egyptian Medicine on the remainder of the universe: The Ancient Egyptians were the first people in the universe to hold based cognition on careful and sharp observations, every bit good as test and mistake. By careful observation, early doctors began mending patterns that they have taught to many. They had a medical pattern that developed over three thousand old ages and gave much toward progressing medical scientific discipline worldwide. Egyptian doctors were celebrated in the Ancient World. Ramses II had sent doctors to the male monarch of Hatti and the Iranian male monarch Achaemenids. Greeks gained medical traditions and footing of cognition from the medical schools of Egypt ( Hamilton: The History of Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy. P. 35 ) . Therefore, Egyptian theories and patterns influenced the Greeks, who educated many of the doctors in the Roman Empire, who in bend influenced Arab and European medical thought for centuries to come. One can clearly detect the bequest of Egyptian medical specialty in few basicss of the Grecian strategy ( Breasted 1930 ) . Grecian medical specialty developed during the 6th to seventh centuries B.C. The first Grecian doctor learned the art at Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period ( 305-330 B.C. ) . The Egyptian thought of decay [wekhedu] may hold resurfaced in the [perittoma] ( infective digestive residues ) of the Alexandrine Greeks. Other characteristics adopted by the Greeks from the Egyptians included several medicative workss, how to compose drug prescriptions, the pattern of prenatal and gynaecological fumigations, and the mending value of temple slumber. How to cite Anthropology Essays – The Origin of Medicine, Essay examples

Marketing and Management for Organic Tea Business- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Management for Organic Tea Business. Answer: What business stage is Emmas Parlor? From this case study, Emmas parlor is at success level. According to Danny (2015), a business reaches success level when it becomes solidly based and profitable. Other essential characteristics of a successful business include when it starts having systems and procedure in place, and also when the owner starts thinking the tasks need to be managed at professional level. Based on this case, the business has already reached this level because she is making a considerable revenue, has attracted many consumers in different regions, Danny (2016) also affirms that business reaches success level when the owner is not able to employ other people to aid in tackling various activities involved in the business. From this case, the business has grown, and Emma has started experiencing all-too-familiar symptoms of burn out. She has also hired 20 staff members to aid in running the business. This implies that the business has grown and requires more workforce to confront the demand for this products. At what stage is her web-based organic tea business? From various characteristics associated with her web-based organic tea business, one can state that it is also at success level. This is because the business has grown faster than the tearoom, and it is solidly based and has also assisted her to generate profits all through. The growth of this business is also making her to make various decisions such as staying involved or hiring professional managers to manage it. Constantinos-Vasilios (2014) affirms that one of the characteristics of a business being at the success level is when the owner starts making the decisions to involve professionalism in managing the tasks, and therefore Emmas decisions to include professional managers indicates the business is at this level. What synergies exist between the two businesses? According to Vijayudu, (2015), synergy in business operations occurs when two or more entities come together with the aim of making more impact than they would make when operating separately. From Emmas case, different synergies can be identified from her two businesses. From the case study, the tearoom came first before the internet business, but Emma uses her new establishment to influence her first business. For instance, she can use the internet business to market products in both businesses to attain a broader market share How do you think those synergies are critical to the success of her businesses? Cross marketing, in this case, is an advantage to her because it will benefit both businesses. The negative synergy in her businesses is that they are becoming too big for her to efficiently manage. This is implied by starting to experience symptoms of burnout. Based on the fact that there are both positive and negative synergies, in this case, it means they can benefit the business if used correctly, and also impact its success if various factors are not considered.v How does Emma lathbury fit the profile of an entrepreneur? Hess (2011) defines an entrepreneur as a person who has different personalities such as the desire to achieve, tolerance for ambiguity, high energy level, and internal locus of control and awareness of passing time. An entrepreneur also has a customer focus, strive to innovate, and passion for his/her work. Although Emma does not portray all of these characteristics, she fits a profile of entrepreneur because she has a desire for success, and she is innovative and seeks out niches and market gaps. Her innovative feature is portrayed by inventing the web-based business. She also identified a market gap through opening a business to sell a product that was not common in the area. The case also portrays her as hardworking and a person with a high desire to succeed because she worked for many hours every week with the aim of making her business to prosper. Traits that may continue to serve her well and ones which may be counterproductive From the traits portrayed by Emma, there are those that will make her to continue realizing success while others may be counterproductive. Among those that will continue to serve well comprise of high energy level, high desire to achieve, internal locus of control and self-confidence (Donald, 2016). Some of those that can be counterproductive comprise of awareness of passing time and tolerance to ambiguity. Tolerance of ambiguity is portrayed from this case because of Emmas feeling that she had started experiencing all-to-familiar symptoms of burnout. Emmas inability to handle complex tasks may also become counterproductive to this business. According to Hess (2011), entrepreneurs must dedicate themselves to handling tasks even when they seem too much to attain success. From the case, it is indicated that despite the fulfillment which Emma had found in having her own business, it was becoming challenging for her to handle some of the challenges such as feeling burnout. This character may impact the success of this business because being the owner, she should not give up in handling things that are fundamental for good performance. After listing the pros and cons for each of Emmas options and considering her personality, which course of action would you recommend? Emmas options have various advantages as well as disadvantages. One of the benefits of including professional managers in her business is that it will assist in making the processes to run smoothly, and will also minimize her workload. The disadvantage of this option is that it will increase the costs of running the business because she will have to pay salaries to these professionals. Employing professionals may also make her to have limited control, and this may make her to have little trust concerning its success. One of the things that Emma should do to address this issue is having the number of professionals depending on the workload, and also depending on the profit which the business generates. This is because huge salaries may affect a business especially those that do not make substantial profits (Constantinos-Vasilios, 2014). Emma should also position herself in the management to oversee how the professionals run the business. The reason why she should be involved in the management is that she has a desire to succeed and if she gives the professionals the opportunity to do everything, she will always feel things are not done in the right way. References Vijayudu, G. (2015). Cases in Marketing Management. South Asian Journal of Management, 22(4), 56-68. Donald, K. A. (2016). Research on the Dark Side of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurship: Observations from an Organizational Behavior Perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 40(1), 87-102. Danny, M. (2015). A Downside to the Entrepreneurial Personality? Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 39(1), 54-78. Michael, P. L. (2015). Growing a Firms Resource Base over Time. Competition Forum, 13(1), 54-98. Yan, J. (2014). Collective Entrepreneurship, Environmental Uncertainty and Small Business Performance: A contingent Examination. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 26(1), 10-26. Danny, M. (2016). Response to "Research on the Dark Side of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurship: Observations from an Organizational Behavior Perspective" Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 40(1), 54-89. Constantinos-Vasilios, P. M. (2014). Industry Applications of Market Sensing Foreword to the Special Issue of Journal of Marketing and Management. Journal of Marketing and Management, 1(1), 26-38. Hess, E. D. (2011). Growing an Entrepreneurial Business: Concepts and Cases. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books